![]() 20–29 Parental smoking is associated with smoking by offspring in a dose–response relationship: more extensive parental smoking is associated with more extensive adolescent smoking. 8 Over the past decade, however, parental self-reports have been used to examine the associations of parental smoking and ND with adolescent smoking 5–7,9–19 and dependence. Parental smoking behaviors are ascertained mostly from offspring nicotine dependence (ND) is rarely assessed. Studies of familial influences on adolescent smoking have 2 major limitations, regarding informants and constructs. Parental smoking is an important risk factor for adolescent smoking. 1,2 This is especially the case for tobacco, because most onset begins and ends in adolescence, a period of intense socialization by parents and peers. Of the models developed to account for the etiology of substance use and dependence, familial transmission represents an important class. Prevention efforts should encourage parental smoking cessation, improve parenting, address adolescent mental health, and reinforce adolescents' negative beliefs about smoking. Reducing parental smoking would reduce adolescent smoking. Parents’ education, marital status, and parenting and adolescents' mental health, beliefs about smoking, perception of schoolmates’ smoking, and other substance use predicted adolescent smoking and dependence.Ĭonclusions. Associations between parental and adolescent smoking did not differ by race/ethnicity. Only parental nicotine dependence was associated with adolescent nicotine dependence (AOR = 1.66 95% CI = 1.00, 2.74). Parental current dependence was strongly associated with adolescents’ lifetime smoking (adjusted odds ratio = 2.96 95% confidence interval = 2.47, 3.55), whereas parental current nondependent smoking (AOR = 2.26 95% CI = 1.92, 2.67) and former smoking (AOR = 1.51 95% CI = 1.31, 1.75) were less strongly associated. We estimated associations between parental and adolescent smoking behaviors, adjusted for covariates. We used data from the 2004 to 2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, which ascertained smoking behaviors of 1 parent and 1 adolescent aged 12 to 17 years in 35 000 dyads. We examined associations between parental and adolescent smoking and nicotine dependence in the United States.
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